Steroids in Sports Essay Example

Steroids in Sports Essay Most young athletes can demonstrate to the fact that the competitive urge to win — and win at all costs — is furious. Besides the glory of bragging rights and the fulfillment of personal gain, over and over again young athletes struggle in the pursuit of greater dreams — a award for their country, a college scholarship or a position in a professional team. (Robert H. Coombs, Louis Jolyon West, 1991) For an increasing number of athletes, winning at all costs includes taking performance-enhancing drugs. Some may appear to achieve physical gains from such drugs, but at what cost? The truth is, the long-term effects of these drugs havent been rigorously studied. And short-term benefits are enjoyed by many drawbacks. Take the time to learn about the benefits, dangers and many unknowns concerning alleged performance-enhancing drugs. (Robert H. Coombs, Louis Jolyon West, 1991) â€Å"Anabolic steroids is the well-known name for man-made substances linked to the male sex hormones (e.g., testosterone). They prop up the augmentation of skeletal muscle (anabolic effects) and the development of male sexual characters in both males and females. The term anabolic steroids will be used in this report because of its acquaintance, although the appropriate term for this composite is anabolic-androgenic steroids. (Robert H. Coombs, Louis Jolyon West, 1991) We will write a custom essay sample on Steroids in Sports specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Steroids in Sports specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Steroids in Sports specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Anabolic steroids were primed in the late 1930s mainly to treat hypogonadism, an ailment in which the testes do not create sufficient testosterone for typical growth, maturity, and sexual performance. The primary medical uses of these compounds are to treat overdue puberty, various types of impotence, and wasting of the body caused by certain diseases. (Nick A. Evans, 2004). During the 1930s, scientists discovered that anabolic steroids could facilitate the growth of skeletal muscle in laboratory animals, which led to abuse of the compounds first by bodybuilders and weightlifters and then by athletes in other sports. Steroid abuse has become so prevalent in athletics that it can have an effect on the outcome of sports competitions. (Nick A. Evans, 2004). In the United States, supplements such as tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) and androstenedione (street name Andro) formerly could be bought lawfully without a prescription through various commercial resources, including health food stores. Steroidal supplements can be converted into testosterone or an analogous compound in the body. Not as much of is known about the side effects of steroidal supplements, but if large quantities of these compounds substantially increase testosterone levels in the body, then they also are likely to produce the same side effects as anabolic steroids themselves. The purchase of these supplements, with the notable exception of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), became illegal after the passage in 2004 of amendments to the Controlled Substances Act. (Nick A. Evans, 2004). Steroid abuse affects individuals of various ages. However, it is difficult to guesstimate the true incidence of steroid abuse in the United States because many data sources that measure drug abuse do not comprise steroids. Scientific evidence indicates that anabolic steroid abuse among athletes may range between 1-6%. (Barrie Houlihan, 1997). One of the main reasons people give for abusing steroids is to develop their athletic performance. Among athletes, steroid abuse has been estimated to be less that 6 percent according to surveys, but anecdotal information suggests more widespread abuse. Although testing procedures are now in place to discourage steroid abuse among professional and Olympic athletes, new designer drugs constantly become available that can escape detection and place athletes willing to deceive one step ahead of testing efforts. (Matthew J. Mitten, 2005) Another justification people give for using steroids is to increase their muscle size or to decrease their body fat. This group includes people suffering from the behavioral syndrome called muscle dysmorphia, which causes them to have an indistinct image of their bodies. Men with muscle dysmorphia think that they look small and weak, even if they are large and muscular. Likewise, women with this condition think that they look fat and flabby, even though they are actually lean and muscular. (Kent F. Burnett, Mark E. Kleiman, 1994) Some anabolic steroids are taken by mouth, others are injected, and still others are supplied in gels or creams that are applied to the skin. Doses taken by abusers can be 10 to 100 times more than the doses given for medical conditions. (Kent F. Burnett, Mark E. Kleiman, 1994) Although numerous clinical studies have been conducted, there is limited evidence supporting the efficacy of anabolic steroids in enhancing athletic performance in sports. Unfortunately, the anabolic steroids’ literature is littered with design problems. The most significant methodological problem is the disparity in dosing strategies between clinical trials and real-world use. (Kent F. Burnett, Mark E. Kleiman, 1994) When used by athletes, the anabolic steroids are typically stacked. That is, the drugs are administered in cycles of gradually increasing doses and additional anabolic steroid agents are added along the way. Stacking cycles typically last between 7 and 14 weeks and often involve 2-3 oral agents along with 1 or 2 long-acting injectable AASs. By contrast, clinical investigators are justifiably restricted from duplicating these regimens in experimental situations for ethical reasons. As a result, studies are typically limited to the use of 1 agent, either oral or injection. Athletes tend to use oral agents in doses similar to those in clinical trials, but often use injectable agents in doses 3-8 times greater than those in clinical studies. Further exacerbating this problem is the issue of effect size. For example, a 1% improvement would be difficult to demonstrate statistically in a clinical trial setting, but in world-class athletics it could be the difference between a gold medal and last place. (Kent F. Burnett, Mark E. Kleiman, 1994) These findings lead us, as consumers of the biomedical literature, to the conclusion that past studies of anabolic steroids may be of limited value in determining the efficacy and toxicity of these agents under current athletic use. In spite of a lack of comprehensive scientific evidence, however, there is little doubt that anabolic steroids can produce a significant ergogenic effect. As with many other substances of abuse,   steroid users often possess a more sophisticated pharmacologic understanding than the general population, and counseling patients regarding the effects of these agents is often problematic. (Will H. Courtenay, 2000) Steroids are often abused in patterns called cycling, which involve taking many doses of steroids over a definite period of time, holding for a period, and resuming again. Users also recurrently combine more than a few dissimilar types of steroids in a method known as stacking. Steroid abusers typically stack the drugs, denoting that they take two or more dissimilar anabolic steroids, mixing oral and/or injectable types, and occasionally even including compounds that are designed for veterinary use. Abusers think that the dissimilar steroids act together to produce an effect on muscle size that is greater than the effects of each drug separately, a theory that has not been tested scientifically yet. (Will H. Courtenay, 2000) Another manner of steroid abuse is referred to as pyramiding. This is a process in which users slowly escalate steroid abuse (increasing the number of steroids or the dose and frequency of one or more steroids used at one time), getting a peak amount at mid-cycle and steadily tapering the dose toward the end of the cycle. Time and again, steroid abusers pyramid their doses in cycles of 6 to 12 weeks.   At start of a cycle, the person starts with low doses of the drugs being stacked and then gradually escalates the doses. In the second half of the cycle, the doses are slowly tapered to zero. This is at times followed by a second cycle in which the person continues to train but with no drugs. Abusers trust that pyramiding allows the body time to regulate to the high doses, and the drug-free cycle lets the bodys hormonal system time to recover. Same as stacking, the perceived benefits of pyramiding and cycling have not been validated scientifically. (Will H. Courtenay, 2000) Anabolic steroid abuse has been related with a wide range of unfavorable side effects ranging from some that are physically unattractive, such as acne and breast development in men, disfiguring of facial appearance to others that are life threatening, such as heart attacks and liver cancer etc. They can have impact on abusers hormonal system, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, liver, skin and immune system as well. Most of them are reversible if the abuser quit taking the drugs, but some are everlasting, such as voice deepening in females. (Will H. Courtenay, 2000) Case reports and small studies indicate that anabolic steroids, when used in high doses, increase irritability and aggression. Some steroid abusers confessed that they have committed aggressive acts, such as physical fighting or theft, robbery, burglary and rape. Abusers who have committed violent acts or property offenses generally account that they engage in these behaviors usually when they take steroids than when they are drug free. A recent study suggests that the mood and behavioral effects noticed during anabolic steroid abuse may result from secondary hormonal changes. (Will H. Courtenay, 2000) An undetermined percentage of steroid abusers may become addicted to the drugs, as evidenced by their continued abuse despite physical problems and negative effects on social relations. The most dangerous of the abandonment symptoms is depression, because it sometimes leads to suicide efforts. If left untreated, some depressive symptoms related with anabolic steroid withdrawal have been acknowledged to continue for a year or more after the abuser quits using the drugs. (Matthew J. Mitten, 2005) Most prevention efforts in the United States today focus on athletes involved with the Olympics and professional sports; few school districts test for abuse of illicit drugs. Research on steroid educational programs has revealed that simply instructing students about steroids adverse effects does not persuade adolescents that they can be unfavorably affected. Nor does such lesson discourage young people from using steroids in the upcoming days. Presenting both the benefits and risks of anabolic steroid use puts additional effect in convincing adolescents regarding steroids harmful effects. (Robert E. Sallis, 1997) Few studies of treatments for anabolic steroid abuse have been conducted. Current information is based largely on the understandings of a small number of physicians who have observed patients undergoing steroid removal. The physicians have found that supportive therapy is enough in a few cases. Patients are educated about what they may experience during withdrawal and are assessed for suicidal feelings. If subjective symptoms are grave or prolonged, medicines or hospitalization may be required. (Matthew J. Mitten, 2005) Some medicines that have been used to treat steroid withdrawal reinstate the hormonal system after its disturbance by steroid abuse. Other medications aim specific removal symptoms—for example, antidepressants to treat depression and analgesics (pain killers) for headaches and muscle and joint pains. (Matthew J. Mitten, 2005) Some patients require help beyond medicinal treatment of withdrawal symptoms and are treated with behavioral rehabilitation. (Matthew J. Mitten, 2005) â€Å"A real life Interview with Dr. Robert† An interview was held with the head of the department of family medicine of an American University. In this interview, Dr. Robert explains the role of family physicians in identifying and educating their patients regarding prohibited substances. He is the author of numerous scientific publications. (Stephens, T. 1988) â€Å"Tips that alert physicians† There are symptoms that can be connected to specific types of substances. If youve got people coming in for infertility, concerns related to the prostate, breast enlargement in males, or acne — these can be signs of anabolic steroid abuse. In females, acne, deepening of voice and facial hair growth can be suspect. If you have known a patient for many years and see atypical changes in their morphology or anatomy, you can start to be critically suspicious. A few changes are so visual, you can not miss it. Physicians have both the visual assessment of the patient as well as symptoms record. Other tips might be libido disorders or aggression. An enlargement of the jaw, protruding forehead, a sudden improvement in vision, or signs of abnormal foot growth in adults could be from misuse of growth hormones. (Stephens, T. 1988) â€Å"A diseased person has a prospect of getting well by personal effort. He cannot borrow health from others.† —  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gandhiji Our role is to look into this, and we know human metabolism fairly well. We know the chemical structure of substances and their metabolites. Modern anti-doping tests are quite sensitive. We work with pharmaceutical companies who have primary information on their substances to really understand how the drug is metabolized. (Stephens, T. 1988) On the other hand, there are substances present in certain foods that could be part of the composition of certain medicines that can be abused for doping. With these, we usually create a threshold to make sure we would not t consider an undesirable analytical finding. Or we try to find another metabolite, which is usually possible, to keep away from misidentification. We are very careful about this. Mostly, it is not a problem. We sometimes hear of athletes getting in trouble because of use of over-the-counter cold and allergy remedies. (Stephens, T. 1988) Antihistamines are not on the list of prohibited substances, but some related products like ephedrine contain prohibited substances. You have to read the label to make sure before use. Ephedrine is on the prohibited list but has a threshold substance. People taking those kinds of substances in standard quantities prescribed by a physician are not at risk of testing positive. (Stephens, T. 1988) â€Å"What Sports having a serious problem with doping?† They all do, and at all levels. The bad news is that there is no sport and no country thats immune to the risk. The good news is that â€Å"cat is running after the mouse, it tries to catch it when the later tries to escape†. (Stephens, T. 1988) If one takes micro doses of substances, can be easily overlooked alone with classical physical examination. You have to use blood analysis and see if your patient has high hematocrit values. Further, not all substances can be suspected with visual examination. (Stephens, T. 1988) They should be alert that abuse of performance enhancing drugs is not unusual. Im convinced that if they are careful, doctors can identify some of those people in their patient population. Talking to athletic patients, asking if they use anything to boost their performance, some patients might be admitting it. Doctors are in a much honored position to inform patients of the risks related with performance enhancing drugs. (Stephens, T. 1988) Anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, and other doping substances can lead to kidney problems, cardiovascular risks, mood swings, and many other health disorders. They can not only have an impact on sexual aspects of peoples lives but also on personality as well. The impact on their private lives is huge. Many risks are misrepresented by the manufacturers of those products, by people who are selling them in gyms, or by associates who really dont know the risks. They enjoy the immediate benefit of taking the drugs without forecasting the long-term toxicity and bad health impact. (Stephens, T. 1988) I think the primary role of physicians, when they recognize such patients, is to inform them look, between you and me, youre taking this substance, but do you know the risks? And remember, abusers of these substances can be pretty creative in their clarifications. (Stephens, T. 1988) The independent U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) tests athletes for banned substances, investigates doping allegations and imposes sanctions. The agency is aggressively working with the federal government to root out drug cheats before the Athens Games. www.sportsmedicine.about.com/gi/dynamic USADA conducts random drug tests, and all elite athletes are tested several times a year. 1,275 tests were conducted on track and field athletes last year – 618 out of competition, 657 during meets. www.sportsmedicine.about.com/gi/dynamic USADA imposed bans on four athletes who tested positive for the steroid THG last year. The agency has begun prosecuting athletes for a â€Å"non-analytical positive† – meaning circumstantial evidence of doping can be used to sanction an athlete absent conclusive test results. USADA recently notified several U.S track stars that they are under suspicion for drug violations and could face suspensions. Cases may be expedited at the USADA’s discretion. www.sportsmedicine.about.com/gi/dynamic Kelli White was the first major casualty if the BALCO scandal. After admitting to doping violations based on evidence uncovered in a federal probe of the lab, White received a two-year ban by the USADA and was forced to forfeit the 100- and 200-meter world titles she won last year in Paris. www.sportsmedicine.about.com/gi/dynamic White tested positive for the stimulant modafinil after the 2003 World Championships. She said a doctor connected with BALCO prescribed the drug to treat narcolepsy. White later admitted to also taking banned steroids and the blood-boosting hormone EPO. White’s coach, Remy Korchemny, is one of four men connected with BALCO who have been charged with steroid distribution. White has said she may not return to track when her suspension is lifted. www.sportsmedicine.about.com/gi/dynamic In conclusion, the problems associated with the use of drugs in sport are many and complex and it is not possible to provide any quick or easy solution. Indeed, in this particularly difficult policy area, it might be appropriate to recall once again the words of Goode to the effect that, in such policy areas, there may be no ideal solution and that it may well be that we are forced to accept, â€Å"the least bad of an array of very bad options† (Goode, 1997).

Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon essays

Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon essays Summary: Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon by Jorge Amado is set in Brazil in the port town of Ilheus during the 1920s. At the beginning of the novel, Ilheus is experiencing a terrible rainfall that threatens the prized cacao crop, on which the town depends for its survival. Through a miracle, the rains cease, and the people believe they are blessed-but really their troubles are only beginning. The religious people of the land are ruled by the irreligious, domineering colonels who dispense much-needed funds to enable the churches and schools to function. The colonels can do no wrong and nothing these strong-armed men do is questioned. For example, one of the cornels named Colonel Mendonà §a is so corrupt that he believes he is entirely above the law, and is surprised when he is put on trial for the murder of his wife when he finds her with a lover, and kills both the man and the woman in his fury. He, along with the other cornels and wealthy cacao baron plantation owners have all of the money a nd power in the land, the people only have religion. The romantic plot of the novel revolves the story of a migrant worker of mixed race named Gabriela and a Syrian caf owner named Nacib. Hence the name of the book-Gabriela cooks food filled with sweet spices at the local caf. Gabriela, after she washes off the dirt and grime of her poverty, reveals herself to be a great beauty and a great chef. Her skin smells like the cloves and cinnamon of her dishes. Although she is not educated in cuisine or in life, she knows how to prepare traditional Bahian dishes and soon the caf becomes popular again which makes Nacib a happy man for awhile. However, gradually be becomes tormented with thoughts of jealousy. He wants not simply to love Gabriela but to possess her, and this is far more difficult than making a perfect dish. The political plot of the novel, which is interwoven with the roma...

Accounting Equation Paper Essay Example for Free

Accounting Equation Paper Essay ? The basic accounting equation is: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity. When looking at the balance sheet one can assume that assets must balance out each transaction and balance the claims to the assets (Kimmel, 2010). A balance sheet provides Assets of the company first and foremost, then Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity and last retained earnings. This shows the companies incoming money, outgoing payments, and the money left or retained at the end of each time period being documented on the balance sheet. The components of the accounting equation affect each other in many ways. For example, when cash assets are received the company is making profit only as long as it is making more revenue than the liabilities owed. So, when using the Sierra Corporation on pg. 14 from the text the company has to pay the Liabilities: Notes payable, Accounts payable, Salaries payable, Unearned Service revenue, and Interest prior to ever turning a profit above the black. When looking at a balance sheet one needs to know all incoming as well as outgoing money to determine profitability and sustainability of a corporation. Next, when looking at a balance sheet the liabilities + the stockholder’s Equity have to ALWAYS balance out to amount of assets to ensure all things are accounted for and there are no accounting errors. When done properly the balance sheet can be used to verify the company’s revenue and the financial stability of a company based upon debt to stockholders’ equity. References: Kimmel, P. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. ( 2010). Financial accounting: Tools for business decision making (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Accounting Equation Paper. (2016, Dec 10).

Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Nike - Essay Example According to Timothy Ryan, a director for the American Center for International Labor Solidarity, the collapsing of the factory was due to lack of regulations by the governments while Nike is constructing its factories. Prior to the collapsing, Nike workers noticed cracks in the building but they were informed to report to work the following day. This was an indication of negligence on the part of the management. The management team in Bangladesh and at the parent company in US experienced bitter regret due to the death and injuries that occurred within Nike premises. Nike, a company that was established in 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports and later rebranded as Nike Inc in 1971, undertook various strategies to deal with negative public image that arose out of the collapsing of the building. The accident resulted into a bad relationship between the company and the families who were affected. The employees on their part lost motivation and feared working for the company. Nike undertook ultimate action of checking all its factories globally and maintenance was initiated in most factories. The company also started extensive corporate social responsibilities such as joining Michelle Obama’s ‘Lets Move campaign’ that aims at reducing child obesity. In this way, it regained a certain amount of value. Currently, Nike has strong value for ethics and continues to provide proper working conditions. The situation could have made better if the company employed more workers from the affected families and freely provide them with needed skills as well as giving them higher

A Snapshot of TEXAS Government in My Life Assignment

A Snapshot of TEXAS Government in My Life - Assignment Example I did this by considering three crucial agencies namely the environmental protection agency, Texas health and human services agency and the Texas Commission on Fire Protection Agency. I am walking along the 6th street in Austin, Texas. Everybody is busy in their normal economic activities. While others are in the offices, businesses, schools, and industries, others were just walking around the streets meeting people and other under shades holding small meetings (Duncan9). This created an interesting scenario bearing in mind that all these groups of people are doing constructive things based on the nature of their jobs. One can be sure that I was curious in understanding how everybody was executing his or her mandates in a manner that will satisfy the authority. This triggered my movement to various government offices and just I could just watch when in the queue the way citizens were being attended to. I also welcomed myself in various forums and meetings that were being run by the government agencies. They helped to attain a broad picture of how these agencies do things. Similarly, I gained an opportunity to interact with the citizens who were the attendees of those meetings and the offices. I also managed to interact with the officials of these agencies, and this gave me an opportunity to understand their roles, policies and how they fitted in the government’s structure (Duncan 19). I, therefore, gained a golden opportunity of interacting with the main stakeholders of these government agencies and hence understood very well how service delivery was being done. My interaction with their clients helped me to judge their service delivery as well as the importance of their jobs to the society. In my snapshot, I was interested in environmental protection, Texas health and human services and the Texas Commission on Fire Protection agencies. The environmental agency is a state agency whose mission is protecting the human health.

The Youngs modulus of the copper wire Essay Example for Free

The Youngs modulus of the copper wire Essay Therefore, having done the preliminary, I think that my predictions lie on the correct lines. It is best to use a thin wire, because a thick wire would not stretch as much for the same force, but I have to consider safety, because the wire snaps and because it is under tension, it whips back and can cause some damage if the student falls in contact with it. Therefore, under these circumstances, it is necessary to wear safety goggles. If we are using a thick wire, you will find that we will be adding a large load. If the wire snaps, the same hazards would take place as mentioned above but, the weight dropping to the floor will cause damage to the toes etc, if the weight falls on the foot, so keep a safe distance as soon as the extra load is added. DO NOT ADD THE WEIGHTS QUICKLY AS THE WIRE IS SENSITIVE WHEN THERE IS ALREADY A LARGE FORCE APPLIED ON IT. The vernier scale is sensitive, so we have to pay particular attention to how much force we apply, because the maximum extension, which can be read, depends on the size of the scale. Due to the increase in the average cross-sectional area, which affects the extension in the wire, we need to increase the accuracy of the readings by taking repeats, using different wire of the same diameter, and again take measurements of the diameter, with use of the micrometer. This increases the reliability of the results and hence the Youngs modulus of the copper wire. The vernier scale method is much more accurate than the clamp and pulley method, which could have been used as well, but as we are aiming for accuracy it is best to use the vernier scale method. The experiment is to be conducted under room temperature, because the temperature of the wire whether cold or hot reduces the accuracy of the results, the wire stretches more under warm conditions because the wire is less stiff than if it was in cold or even room temperature of 23 oC. I will have to take account of possible errors, such as the zero error in equipment, and other random and systematic errors, which can occur. I will try to avoid making the parallax errors, (the error which occurs when the eye is not placed directly opposite a scale when a reading is being taken). This can be made on reading off a ruler. The reading errors (the error due to the guess work involved in taking a reading from a scale when reading lies between the scale divisions, and the zero error (the error which occurs when a measuring instrument does not indicate zero when it should), which can be possible on the vernier scale. If the zero error happens, then I will adjust the instrument to read zero or the inaccurate zero reading should be taken and should be added or subtracted from any other reading taken. Sometimes the metre rules have worn edges and so I will measure from 10cm instead of 0cm. As the wire is stretched, the diameter of the copper wire decreases, we get plastic deformation before it snaps, for example if we look at a copper rod as a large scale to the thin wire you can see from the below that the copper rod necked before it broke. This happens because metals like copper, (above) are ductile- they can have large plastic deformations without fracturing. It happens because atoms move, as the plastic deformation in the crystal structure move, to place of lower stress. The copper becomes thinner when atoms move away from the stressed part. The stress then increases because the cross-sectional area is now decreased. This increases the ductile flow and so the metal yields and gets thinner and thinner. Once plastic deformation starts, atoms will continue to flow without any increase in stress. This stretching under a constant load is called creep. The thinning of a wire/rod is called necking. There is also the problem that the kg masses may not weigh the given value, there is a small chance that this would be inaccurate, the only way to find out is by weighing the mass using a electronic scale, which is accurate to 0. 001g. Bibliography Physics For You By Keith Johnson Dictionary of Science By C. Stockley Simmone Hewett C. Oxlade Sue Holt J. Weitheim John Miller Physics 1 By David Sang Keith Gibbs Robert Hutchings Science Desk Reference By Patricia barnes-Svarney www. s-cool. co. uk www. allmeasures. com Encarta 2002 AS Physics Assessed Practical (Skill P) Elasticity of a Copper wire By Priyesh Patel 12O 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

The Tragedy of Child Abuse in America :: Violence Against Children

Child abuse is the intentional infliction of physical, moral, and sexual pain and suffering on a child. It is performed mainly by parents who were maltreated as children themselves. There are many causes for child abuse. In some cases children are mistreated when parents or caretakers have maladaptive responses to stressful situations or feel powerless. Searching for relief, they may hit someone with even less power than they, and these are often children. Other times child abuse is the result of family problems over which the abuser has no control. Alcohol was said to be involved in fourteen percent of the cases of abuse and in eighteen and a half percent of the cases of neglect. â€Å"Religion, residence in the city or country, region of the country, and race are all related to violence in a home.† Approximately eighty percent of the child-abusers were themselves abused as children. A high percentage of abusing parents feel that they are legitimately exercising their parental right. The parents injure their offspring hoping that the child will change a manner or learn a lesson. They take the idea of discipline to a brutal degree. In some cases the parents are simply too young and/or immature to take good care of their children. There is a higher percentage rate of mistreatment in families with mixed religion marriages. Very often it is a recollection of small pressures that finally make a parent explode. It is most likely that the abuser is employed only part-time or is jobless. Retired men and women are the least likely to harm a child. Most of the abusers do not suffer any kind of psychiatric illness. Because children with disabilities create more stress, they are more likely to be abused. Physical violence is more common in poor families, families living under stress or parents who suffered cruelty as children. Types of abuse also vary. The broad picture includes only moral, physical and sexual abuse, while in the narrower picture each of these has its own sub-topics. The kind of abuse varies depending on the age of the victim. Infant and pre-school children are more likely to suffer fractures, burns and bruises. This is called the â€Å"Battered child syndrome† discovered by C. Henry Kempe. Although school aged or adolescent females are more likely to suffer from sexual molestation, there is a recently growing number of sexual abuse of pre-school and male victims. The Tragedy of Child Abuse in America :: Violence Against Children Child abuse is the intentional infliction of physical, moral, and sexual pain and suffering on a child. It is performed mainly by parents who were maltreated as children themselves. There are many causes for child abuse. In some cases children are mistreated when parents or caretakers have maladaptive responses to stressful situations or feel powerless. Searching for relief, they may hit someone with even less power than they, and these are often children. Other times child abuse is the result of family problems over which the abuser has no control. Alcohol was said to be involved in fourteen percent of the cases of abuse and in eighteen and a half percent of the cases of neglect. â€Å"Religion, residence in the city or country, region of the country, and race are all related to violence in a home.† Approximately eighty percent of the child-abusers were themselves abused as children. A high percentage of abusing parents feel that they are legitimately exercising their parental right. The parents injure their offspring hoping that the child will change a manner or learn a lesson. They take the idea of discipline to a brutal degree. In some cases the parents are simply too young and/or immature to take good care of their children. There is a higher percentage rate of mistreatment in families with mixed religion marriages. Very often it is a recollection of small pressures that finally make a parent explode. It is most likely that the abuser is employed only part-time or is jobless. Retired men and women are the least likely to harm a child. Most of the abusers do not suffer any kind of psychiatric illness. Because children with disabilities create more stress, they are more likely to be abused. Physical violence is more common in poor families, families living under stress or parents who suffered cruelty as children. Types of abuse also vary. The broad picture includes only moral, physical and sexual abuse, while in the narrower picture each of these has its own sub-topics. The kind of abuse varies depending on the age of the victim. Infant and pre-school children are more likely to suffer fractures, burns and bruises. This is called the â€Å"Battered child syndrome† discovered by C. Henry Kempe. Although school aged or adolescent females are more likely to suffer from sexual molestation, there is a recently growing number of sexual abuse of pre-school and male victims.

“Of Mice and Men” †John Steinbeck Essay

In Chapter 4 of â€Å"Of Mice and Men,† John Steinbeck portrays Crooks, Lennie, Candy, and Curley’s wife as outcasts who although are lonely and seek each others companionship, ostracize each other nevertheless. Each of said characters seek companionship, are outcasts, and as a result abase one another. Crooks, Candy, Curley’s wife, and Lennie are lonely and therefore seek companionship. Crooks is a very lonely character, and may in fact be the most diverse due to both his handicap and race. When he gets company, he tries to conceal his pleasure with anger; he does not welcome others into his abode because they discriminate against him (his impediment is therefore seen as a spiteful retaliation), but at the same time he is delighted to have company. When Crooks sees Lennie standing at the doorway smiling at him, Crooks gives in and allows him to stay, telling him â€Å"you can come if ya want.† Lennie is also lonely, for he is drawn to Crooks’ stable when he sees the light on; when he approached Crooks, he â€Å"smiled helplessly in an attempt to make friends.† Candy later comes in to the stable, as Crooks allows him to come in; he is modest about Crooks’s welcome, saying â€Å"of course if you want me to.† Candy is a passive man virtually unable to take any independent action and his one major act in the book, offering Lennie and George money in order to go in on a piece of land together, is a means by which he can become dependent on them; this is a result of his impeding loneliness. Lastly, Curley’s wife enters the stable. Her presence is almost nomadic; she wonders around the whole ranch, seeking company and then parting. Generally considered to be a tramp by the men at the ranch, Curley’s Wife is the only major character in Of Mice and Men whom Steinbeck does not give a name. She dislikes her husband and feels desperately lonely at the ranch, for she is the only woman and feels isolated from the other men, who openly scorn her. She still holds some small hope of a better life, claiming that she had the chance to become a movie star in Hollywood, but otherwise is a bitter and scornful woman who shamelessly uses sex to intimidate the workers. When she enters the stable, she pretends as if she is looking for Curley, but she really just wants company. Each of the aforementioned characters seek each others companionship and company to keep from getting lonely. Crooks, Candy, Curley’s wife, and Lennie are also scrutinized as outcasts in the society in which they live, due to their defects – Crooks being a black cripple, Candy an old handicapped man, Curley’s wife being female, and Lennie whom is afflicted with mental retardation. Their reclusive stature is justified in the names in which they call themselves; Crooks calls himself â€Å"black† and a â€Å"busted back nigger.† Candy is called a â€Å"busted sheep,† Lennie a â€Å"dum dum,† and Curley’s wife a â€Å"tart.† Furthermore, Steinbeck does not give Curley’s wife a name; this illustrates that women in the concurrent era were looked down upon. Crooks, Curley’s wife, Candy, and Lennie are further exemplified as outcasts by the fact that Slim, George, and Whit left them behind. Crooks, Candy, Curley’s wife, and Lennie are â€Å"exiled† from society and left to be alone. With the pain, loneliness, and fear which they feel, Crooks, Candy, Curley’s wife, and Lennie degrade each other. They call each other names, and Curley’s wife adds to these statements by saying â€Å"they [George, Slim, and Whit] left the weak ones behind.† Candy calls her a â€Å"bitch† and reminds her that they at least have friends. Candy and Crooks even indicate that they want her to leave, that they have â€Å"had enough.† Crooks, Lennie, Candy, and Curley’s wife are portrayed as outcasts who although are lonely and seek each others companionship, they ostracize each other nevertheless because of the over bearing society in which they live. They demean and mortify one another to make themselves feel better – to attain a private victory that the other is more of an outcast than the former. They would rather have bitter company as to no company.

Life of a Chinese Farmer Essay

If I were a Chinese farmer in 2006 I would be continuing my livelihood that I have done all of my life even when I was a child helping my family. I later got married and I now have 6 children ranging in age from 4 to 18. We all live in a village called Xinzhuang (Village of Xin) in China. This is a farming village that is about 1481.3 miles outside of Shanguani, China that is the closest well known city. My typical day starts out at 7:15 AM when I get up and eat breakfast with my family and then I go out into the garden and pick the vegetables that are ready and we use these vegetables for our dinner that evening. Then I have time to do some other things around the house including laundry and household repairs that need to be completed. Our normal meals consist of rice and vegetables unless I have the money to purchase some meat from one of the small shops in the village. For entertainment we normally visit with others in the village, sing songs, and occasionally we are able to access the internet, and watch television. The biggest concerns that I have for my family is are we going to have enough food and is our farm going to be taken over and built on so that we don’t have enough room to grow our vegetables. I also worry about my family and their health because we do not have a doctor in our village. We must travel to Shanguani for any healthcare issues that arise with our family. REFERENCES www.chinatoday.com/entertain/entertain.htm www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/19/content393991.htm

Egyptian Afterlife essays

Egyptian Afterlife essays Most of the Egyptian life was preparing for their afterlife. This resulted in the pyramids and other great tombs for the Pharaohs and other nobility. The Egyptians also believed the bodies of the dead had to be preserved if the Ka (indestructible essence) of the person were to live on. The manner in which they preserved these bodies is called mummification. To embalm the mummy the Egyptians first had to remove the brain. They did this through either the nose or from behind the eye. They through the brain away because they didnt know what it was used for. Next they would fill the empty scull with Narton (a salty chemical found on the shores near Cairo) and plaster. Soon after they would cut open the body and remove the lungs, liver, intestines, and stomach and put them in canopic jars adding natron to seal them. Where the stomach was they would add myrrh and natron and fill the rest of the body up with linen rags. They would then sew the body up leaving only the heart inside (the heart was to be weighed later when the person reached the afterlife). Next they would place the body in natron for seventy days and then wrap the body from head to toe in fine linen cloth. Inside most Egyptian pyramids they often kept food, jewelry, cosmetics, clothing, gold, and statues. They also kept likeness of themselves inside their tombs to house their Ka incase something happened to their body. Many of the statues they had were of workers to serve the pharaoh in the afterlife. The afterlife of the Egyptians was a trying, complicated place. They believed they would have to pass through a very dangerous place that contained monsters, boiling lakes, fires, and poisonous snakes. They believed these evils could be overcome with spells, which they often left in or near their coffin (exp. Book of the Dead). If they overcame these perils they would reach the gates of Yaru (the afterlife) where the ...

Early Modern Food Culture in Great Britain (16th and 17th Century) Essay

Early Modern Food Culture in Great Britain (16th and 17th Century) - Essay Example e who prepared food devoured by the fellow people of Shakespeare is illustrated most clearly in the volume ‘receipt books’ (Caton 1999, 6) they produced. This work presents recipes for â€Å"stew[ing] a calves head†, â€Å"pease pottage†, â€Å"a staple of the average person’s diet†, or cooking a â€Å"gooseberry foole† (Caton 1999, 6), documented by men and women who prepared these provisions five centuries ago. In 1610, Sarah Longe assembled her Receipt Booke. According to Heidi Brayman Hackel, Longe was â€Å"one of the respectable middling sort, the wife perhaps of a successful tradesman or a member of the lesser gentry† (Brown 2009, 30). She documented a procedure for wafers that were relished by King James and his Queen; however, it is a different wafer recipe in her work that shows the considerable dissimilarities between her kitchen and present-day kitchens (Brown 2009). She starts on, â€Å"Take halfe a pound of sugar, as much flower† (Schoonover 1998, 111). Then, when a few servings of rosewater and eleven eggs have been added: â€Å"Beate it 2 hours...; bake it an hour...; then you must dry it againe in the Sun or Oven† (Glasse 1983, 116). A different procedure for baking a cake starts on, â€Å"Take halfe a bushel of fflower, 8 pound of Currence, and 5 pounds of butter...† (Caton 1999, 100). Entertaining visitors and providing for her family were chall enging duties for Longe. Receipt Booke is one of various such works in the Folger compendium that shows the assortment to be seen in the food culture of early modern England (Caton 1999). This essay will discuss the food culture of early modern England, specifically sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. Food preparation and consumption will be discussed in a wide-ranging perspective, from its roots in usual and substitute crops through innovation in agriculture, market transportation, and household delivery to its presentation on the table in traditional and modern foods and drinks. Bread, pottage,

Legal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Legal - Research Paper Example Their operations and business may be similar to that of companies, but the in-depth details differ with a great degree (Derek). The first regulation in the operation is the separation between the corporation and its owners. Unlike other forms of business operations, companies are separate legal entities from their owners (Franklin). The limited liability clause covers this. This entails the extent to which a person may be called upon to pay to the assets and liabilities of the company during winding up of the company operations. The clause stipulates that the owners of the business cannot be accountable for any action of the business; therefore, companies operate as legal persons. This means that they can litigate or be litigated in a court of law (Derek). During formation of companies, the law stipulates that the company should have a minimum of 2 members and a maximum of 50 members. The members of the company are the owners who contribute the start-up capital or share capital. Members do not own the company property individually or correctively. The members of the company have no duty in the daily operations of the company. The day-to-day operations of the company are overseen by the company’s board of directors. Once the company is incorporated, the ultra vires limits the company’s powers and prevents it from changing the objects under the memorandum (Franklin). Company law regulates the way a company chooses it business name. Businesses are mandated by law to select a name that does not contradicts its business or misleading as per to the business it operates in. The company’s name should not suggest illegitimacy or should not contain prohibited clauses. For instance, companies in the United States are not allowed to contain the word â€Å"Federal† in their company name (James &Thomas). Those wishing to start a company are required to check with the registrar of companies